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United States Government Accountability Office: 
GAO: 

The Challenges and Opportunities of Demographic Change in America: 

The Honorable David M. Walker: 
Comptroller General of the United 
States: 

National Conference on the New Human Resources Frontier: 
Utilizing Older Workers for Competitive Advantage Center for Productive 
Longevity: 

June 7, 2007: 

GAO-07-1061CG: 

Composition of Federal Spending: 

[See PDF for image] - graphic text: 

There are three pie charts, containing the following compositions of 
spending by category: 

Year: 1966;
Defense: 43%;
Social Security: 15%; 
Medicare and Medicaid: 1%; Net Interest: 7%; 
All Other: 34%. 

Year: 1986;
Defense: 28%;
Social Security: 20%; 
Medicare and Medicaid: 10%; Net Interest: 14%; 
All Other: 29%. 

Year: 2006;
Defense: 20%;
Social Security: 21%; 
Medicare and Medicaid: 19%; Net Interest: 9%; 
All Other: 32%. 

Source: Office of Management and Budget and the Department of the 
Treasury. 

Note: Numbers may not add to 100 percent due to rounding. 

[End of figure] 

Table: Major Fiscal Exposures ($ trillions): 

Explicit liabilities (Publicly held debt, Military & civilian pensions 
& retiree health, Other): 
2000: $6.9; 
2006: $10.4; 
Percent increase: 52. 

Commitments & contingencies (e.g., PBGC, undelivered orders): 
2000: 0.5; 
2006: 1.3
Percent increase: 140. 

Implicit exposures, 2000: 13.0; 
Implicit exposures, 2006: 38.8; 
Implicit exposures, Percent increase: 197; 
Future Social Security benefits, 2000: 3.8; 
Future Social Security benefits, 2006: 6.4; 
Future Social Security benefits, Percent increase: [Empty]; 
Future Medicare Part A benefits, 2000: 2.7; 
Future Medicare Part A benefits, 2006: 11.3; 
Future Medicare Part A benefits, Percent increase: [Empty]; 
Future Medicare Part B benefits, 2000: 6.5; 
Future Medicare Part B benefits, 2006: 13.1; 
Future Medicare Part B benefits, Percent increase: [Empty]; 
Future Medicare Part D benefits, 2000: 0; 
Future Medicare Part D benefits, 2006: 7.9; 
Future Medicare Part D benefits, Percent increase: [Empty]; 
Total, 2000: $20.4; 
Total, 2006: $50.5; 
Percent increase: 147. 

Source: 2000 and 2006 Financial Report of the United States Government. 

Note: Totals and percent increases may not add due to rounding. 
Estimates for Social Security and Medicare are at present value as of 
January 1 of each year and all other data are as of September 30. 

[End of table] 

Table: How Big is Our Growing Fiscal Burden? 

This fiscal burden can be translated and compared as follows:  

Total major fiscal exposures: $50.5 trillion; Total household net 
worth[1]: $53.3 trillion; Burden/Net worth ratio: 95 percent. 

Burden[2]: 
Per person: $170,000; 
Per full-time worker: $400,000; 
Per household: $440,000. 

Income: 
Median household income[3]: $46,326; 
Disposable personal income per capita[4]: $31,519. 

Source: GAO analysis. 

Notes: (1) Federal Reserve Board, Flow of Funds Accounts, Table B.100, 
2006:Q2 (Sept. 19, 2006); (2) Burdens are calculated using estimated 
total U.S. population as of 9/30/06, from the U.S. Census Bureau; full- 
time workers reported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, in NIPA table 
6.5D (Aug. 2, 2006); and households reported by the U.S. Census Bureau, 
in Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 
2005(Aug. 2006); (3) U.S. Census Bureau, Income, Poverty, and Health 
Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005(Aug. 2006); and (4) 
Bureau of Economic Analysis, Personal Income and Outlays: October 2006, 
table 2, (Nov. 30, 2006). 

[End of table] 

Demographic Trends Pose Challenges for Employers and Workers: (GAO-02-
85): 

* The combination of increasing life expectancy and declining birth 
rates is expected to reduce the number of workers per retiree, a trend 
that will strain the finances of national pension and health programs 
and may affect productivity and economic growth; 

* The impending retirement of the baby boom generation and slower labor 
force growth will result in the loss of many experienced workers and 
possible skill gaps in certain occupations; 

* Many older workers face the possibility of less secure retirements. 
While longer life spans have increased the number of years individuals 
spend in retirement, pension plans have increasingly shifted financial 
and longevity risk to individuals and health care costs have risen 
rapidly; 

* The increasing ratio of the elderly to younger workers will place 
added pressure on public benefits such as Social Security and Medicare, 
both of which face long-term financial problems. 

Aged Population as a Share of Total U.S. Population Will Continue to 
Increase: 

[See PDF for image] - graphic text. 

This is a line graph with one line (population aged 65 and over) with 
the vertical axis representing percent of total population from 0 to 25 
percent and the horizontal axis representing years 1950 through 2075. 

Source: Office of the Chief Actuary, Social Security Administration. 

Note: Projections based on the intermediate assumptions of the 2007 
Trustees’ Reports. 

[End of graph]. 

U.S. Labor Force Growth Will Continue to Decline: 

[See PDF for image] - graphic text. 

This is a line graph with one line (decline of labor force growth) with 
the vertical axis representing percentage change (five-year average) 
from 0 to 3 percent, and the horizontal axis representing years 1970 
through 2080. 

Source: GAO analysis of data from the Office of the Chief Actuary, 
Social Security Administration. 

Note: Percentage change is calculated as a centered 5-year moving 
average of projections based on the intermediate assumptions of the 
2007 Trustees Reports. 

[End of graph] 

Personal Savings Rate Became Negative in 2006: 

[See PDF for image] - graphic text. 

This is a line graph with one line (personal savings rate) with the 
vertical axis representing percent of disposable income (from -2.0 to 
12.0), and the horizontal axis representing years 1960 through 2005. 

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce. 

[End of graph] 

Social Security Workers Per Beneficiary Will Continue to Decline: 

[See PDF for image] - graphic text. 

This is a line graph with one line: Covered workers per OASDI 
beneficiary. The vertical axis of the graph represents covered workers 
from 0 to 6. The horizontal axis of the graph represents years 1960 
through 2080. 

Source: Office of the Chief Actuary, Social Security Administration. 

Note: Projections based on the intermediate assumptions of the 2007 
Trustees’ Reports. 

[End of graph] 

Annual Saving Required for a 35-Year Old, with Social Security: 

[See PDF for image] - graphic text. 

This is a line graph with two lines: Male and Female. The vertical axis 
of the graph represents Required Contribution: Percentage of Gross 
Income from 0 to 14 percent. The horizontal axis of the graph 
represents Retirement Age from 62 to 70. 

Source: GAO analysis, based on Social Security Administration data. 

Note: The chart shows the percentage of gross salary 35-year old male 
and female earning an average wage in 2005 would need to withhold so 
that the individual would accumulate funds sufficient, along with 
scheduled social security benefits, to provide retirement income equal 
to 75% of his or her pre-retirement income. The projections are based 
on economic assumptions from the 2005 Social Security Trustees Report 
for inflation (2.8%), real wage growth (1.1%), real interest rate (3%), 
and nominal interest rate (5.8%). 

Key Elements for Economic Security in Retirement: 

* Adequate retirement income; 
- Savings; 
- Social Security; 
- Pensions; 
- Earnings from continued employment (e.g., part-time). 

* Affordable health care; 
- Medicare; 
- Retiree health care.

* Long-term care (a hybrid). 

* Major Players; 
- Employers; 
- Government; 
- Individuals; 
- Family; 
- Community. 

Working Longer May Help Address the Challenges of an Aging Population: 

* Impact on the Economy: 
- Larger labor force; 
- Additional economic growth. 

* Impact on the Federal Budget: 
- Additional tax revenue; 
- Reduced expenditures: Social Security & Medicare. 

* Impact on Individuals: 
- Enhanced retirement security and quality of life. 

Why Older Americans Don’t Work Longer: 

* Cultural Expectation to Retire in Mid-60s: 
- Social Security early retirement age is 62; 
- Many private pensions have similar or lower eligibility ages. 

* Older Americans Perceive Few Opportunities; 
- Few older workers felt they had opportunities for partial retirement; 
- Most older workers and retirees saw low wage, low skilled jobs as 
their primary employment opportunities. 

* Most Employers Do Not Make a Special Effort to Hire and Retain Older 
Workers; 
- Many employers say they are willing to implement policies to recruit 
and retain older workers, but few have actually done so; 
- Employers cite barriers, such as federal pension regulations, to 
flexible employment options for older workers. 

See GAO-06-80 for more details. 

Comptroller General Forum: Engaging and Retaining Older Workers: 
(GAO-07-438SP): 

* GAO convened this forum on December 5, 2006•Participants included a 
diverse array of experts, including employers from AARP’s “Best 
Employers for Workers Over 50” program, and representatives from 
business groups, unions, academia, and federal agencies. Advocates, 
researchers, and actuaries also participated; 

* The forum fostered discussion on the role of employers, employees, 
and the federal government in helping older workers to work longer and 
better prepare for retirement; 

* The discussion focused on key obstacles faced by workers who want to 
work longer, as well as those faced by employers who need to retain or 
recruit workers who are near or past traditional retirement age; best 
practices and lessons learned; and strategies going forward. 

Key Obstacles: 

* Some employers’ perceptions about the cost of hiring and retaining 
older workers are a key obstacle in older workers’ continued 
employment; 

* Total compensation and training costs were seen as primary concerns; 

* Workplace age discrimination, the mismatch of workers’ skills and 
availability of jobs because of changes in the economy, as well as the 
need to keep skills up to date, are all challenges facing older 
workers; 

* There is a more limited pool of interested workers because of 
financial incentives to retire as soon as possible, workers’ desire to 
retire or change careers, and some jobs’ requirements that make 
continued work unappealing or unfeasible because of health issues; 

* Legal and regulatory requirements hinder hiring and retaining older 
workers. 

Best Practices and Lessons Learned: 

Participants shared examples of best practices and lessons learned, 
such as: 

* Using nontraditional recruiting techniques, such as partnerships to 
help identify and recruit older workers; 

* Employing flexible work situations and adapting job designs to meet 
the preferences and physical constraints of older workers; 

* Offering the right mix of benefits and incentives to attract older 
workers, such as tuition assistance, time off for elder care, and 
employee discounts; 

* Treating all employees in a fair and consistent manner and employing 
a consistent performance management system to prevent age 
discrimination complaints; 

* Providing employees with financial literacy skills to ensure they 
have a realistic plan to provide for retirement security. 

Strategies: 

* Conduct a national campaign to help change the national mindset about 
work at older ages; 

* Hold a national discussion about what “old” is to help change the 
culture of retirement; 

* Strengthen financial literacy education to help workers prepare to 
retire; 

* Create a clearinghouse of best recruiting, hiring, and retention 
practices for older workers; 

* Make the federal government a model employer for the nation in how it 
recruits and retains older workers; 

* Create a key federal role in partnerships to implement these 
strategies; 

* Consider specific legislation or regulations to increase flexibility 
for employers and employees to create new employment models. 

Social Security and Medicare’s Hospital Insurance Trust Funds Face Cash 
Deficits: 

[See PDF for image] - graphic text. 

This is a bar graph with vertical bars representing the Medicare HI 
Cash Flow and Social Security Cash Flow for each fiscal year. The bars 
indicate a Medicare HI cash deficit beginning in 2007 and a Social 
Security cash deficit in 2017. The vertical axis of the graph depicts 
billions of 2007 dollars from -900 to +200. The horizontal axis depicts 
fiscal years from 2005 through 2040. 

Source: GAO analysis of data from the Office of the Chief Actuary, 
Social Security Administration and Office of the Actuary, Centers for 
Medicare and Medicaid Services. 

Note: Projections based on the intermediate assumptions of the 2007 
Trustees’ Reports. The CPI is used to adjust from current to constant 
dollars. 

[End of graph] 

Key Dates Highlight Long Term Challenges of the Social Security System: 

OASI:
Date: 2009;
Event: Cash surplus begins to decline; Date: 2018;
Event: Annual benefit costs exceed cash revenue from taxes; Date: 2028; 
Event: Trust fund ceases to grow because even taxes plus interest fall 
short of benefits; Date: 2042; 
Event: Trust fund exhausted. 

DI:
Date: 2005;
Event: Annual benefit costs exceed cash revenue from taxes; Date: 2013; 
Event: Trust fund ceases to grow because even taxes plus interest fall 
short of benefits; Date: 2026; 
Event: Trust fund exhausted. 

OASDI:
Date: 2009;
Event: Cash surplus begins to decline; Date: 2017;
Event: Annual benefit costs exceed cash revenue from taxes; Date: 2027; 
Event: Trust fund ceases to grow because even taxes plus interest fall 
short of benefits; Date: 2041; 
Event: Trust fund exhausted. 

Source: Social Security Administration, The 2007 Annual Report of the 
Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and 
Disability Insurance Trust Funds(Washington, DC: April 2007). 

[End of table] 

Possible Way Forward on Social Security Reform: 

Make little or no changes to those who are near retirement or already 
retired and make a number of adjustments that would affect younger 
workers: 

* Phase-in an increase in the normal retirement age and index it to 
life expectancy; 
* Consider phasing-in an increase in the early retirement age and index 
it to life expectancy with a modified disability access provision; 
* Modify income replacement and/or indexing formulas for middle and 
upper income earners; 
* Strengthen the minimum benefit; 
* Consider a modest adjustment to the COLA formula; 
* Increase the taxable wage base, if necessary; 
* Consider supplemental individual accounts and mandatory individual 
savings on a payroll deduction basis (e.g., a minimum 2 percent payroll 
contribution and a program designed much like the Federal Thrift 
Savings Plan with a real trust fund and real investments). 

Pension System Faces Variety of Challenges: 

* Significant coverage gaps and pre-retirement leakage; 

* Long term decline in the number of DB plans and active participants 
and change in the nature of DB plans•Recent DB freezes and retiree 
health plan limitations are likely to accelerate due to prospective 
changes in current accounting for pension and post-employment benefits; 

* Recent and prospective large plan terminations by bankrupt sponsors 
have placed Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), the federal 
agency insuring benefits, in financial jeopardy; 
- Stock market, interest rate declines earlier this decade worsened 
overall plan funding; 
- Demographics, global competition (steel, auto), industry deregulation 
restructuring (airlines) have contributed to both plan and corporate 
weakness; 

* Plan funding rules and PBGC premiums have proven to be inadequate. 

Pension Protection Act of 2006: An Important Reform with Unfinished 
Business: 

* PPA shrinks, but does not close, many loopholes regarding DB plan 
funding; 

* PBGC deficit expected to continue to grow; 

* Ultimately does not address fundamental mismatch between DB plan 
assets and liabilities; 

* Will likely not reverse long-term decline in DB system•Long phase-in 
period and uncertain effects suggest that careful ongoing monitoring of 
DB plans and PBGC deficit is needed; 

* Financing of adequate retirement for all Americans continues to pose 
a major national challenge; 
- Issues of coverage remain largely unanswered; 
- Appropriate balance of responsibility for retirement among employers, 
government and workers remains unclear. 

Key Dates Highlight Long Term Challenges of the Medicare Program:  

Date: 2007;
Event: Medicare Part A outlays exceed cash income 
Date: 2007; 
Event: Estimated trigger date for “Medicare funding warning;” 
Date: 2013; 
Event: Projected date that annual “general revenue funding” for Part B 
will exceed 45 percent of total Medicare outlays; 
Date: 2019; 
Event: Part A trust fund exhausted, annual income sufficient to pay 
about 80% of promised Part A benefits. 

Source: 2007 Annual Report of The Boards of Trustees of the The Federal 
Hospital Insurance and Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust 
Funds(Washington, DC, April 2007). 

SMI Premium as Share of Average Social Security (OASI) Benefit: 

[See PDF for image] - graphic text: 

This is a line graph with one line depicting percent of average OASI 
benefit. The vertical axis of the graph represents percent of average 
OASI benefit from 0 to 10. The horizontal axis of the graph represents 
year 1990 through 2006. 

Source: CMS, Office of the Actuary. 

Note: Data for 2006 are based on the announced SMI monthly premium of 
$88.50 and do not include the Medicare Prescription Drug premium. In 
August, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services estimated that the 
national average monthly premium for prescription drug coverage 
equivalent to the Medicare standard coverage would be $32.20. 

Growth in Health Care Spending: Health Care Spending as a Percentage of 
GDP: 

[See PDF for image] - graphic text. 

This is a bar graph of the percent of health care spending as a 
percentage of GDP with the vertical axis representing percent from 0 to 
25 and the horizontal axis representing years 1975, 1985, 1995, 2005, 
and 2015. 

Year: 1975;
Health care spending: 8.1. 

Year: 1985;
Health care spending: 10.4. 

Year: 1995;
Health care spending: 13.7. 

Year: 2005;
Health care spending: 16.0. 

Year: 2015;
Health care spending: 19.2. 

Source: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Office of the 
Actuary. 

Note: The figure for 2015 is projected. 

[End of graph] 

Health Care Is the Nation’s Top Tax Expenditure in Fiscal Year 2006: 

[See PDF for image] - graphic text. 

This is a bar graph with the vertical axis representing estimated 
dollars in billions, and the horizontal axis depicting bars indicating 
the amount of expenditures in five categories. 

Estimated dollars in billions, Exclusion of employer contributions for 
medical insurance premiums and medical care: 125[a]; 
Estimated dollars in billions, Deductability of mortgage interest on 
owner-occupied homes: 68.3; 
Estimated dollars in billions, Net exclusion of pension contributions and 
earnings: defined benefit plans: 49[b]; 
Estimated dollars in billions, Capital gains except agriculture, timber, 
iron ore, and coal): 48.6; 
Estimated dollars in billions, Deductability of nonbusiness states and 
local taxes other than on owner-occupied homes: 43.1. 

Source: GAO analysis of OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the 
United States Government, Fiscal Year 2008. 

Note: “Tax expenditures” refers to the special tax provisions that are 
contained in the federal income taxes on individuals and corporations. 
Treasury does not include forgone revenue from other federal taxes such 
as Social Security and Medicare payroll taxes. 

[a] If the payroll tax exclusion were also counted here, the total tax 
expenditure for employer contributions for health insurance premiums 
would be about 50 percent higher or $187.5 billion. 

[b] This tax expenditure does not include $40.8 billion in revenue 
losses due to defined contribution plans. 

[End of graph] 

Where the United States Ranks on Selected Health Outcome Indicators: 

Outcome: Life expectancy at birth (U.S. = 77.8 years in 2004); 
Rank: 23 out of 30 in 2004. 

Outcome: Infant Mortality (U.S. = 6.8 deaths in 2004); 
Rank: 26 out of 30 in 2004. 

Outcome: Potential Years of Life Lost( U.S. = 5,066 in 2002); 
Rank: 23 out of 26 in 2002. 

Source: OECD Health Data 2006 and 2007. 

Notes: Data are the most recent available for all countries. Life 
expectancy at birth for the total population is estimated by the OECD 
Secretariat for all countries, as the unweighted average of the life 
expectancy of men and women. Infant mortality is measured as the number 
of deaths per 1,000 live births. Potential years of life lost (PYLL) is 
the sum of the years of life lost prior to age 70, given current age-
specific death rates (e.g., a death at 5 years of age is counted as 65 
years of PYLL). 

[End of table] 

Issues to Consider in Examining Our Health Care System: 

* The public needs to be educated about the differences between wants, 
needs, affordability, and sustainability at both the individual and 
aggregate level. 

* Ideally, health care reform proposals will: 
- Align Incentives for providers and consumers to make prudent 
decisions about the use of medical services; 
- Foster Transparency with respect to the value and costs of care, and; 
- Ensure Accountability from insurers and providers to meet standards 
for appropriate use and quality; 

* Ultimately, we need to address four key dimensions: access, cost, 
quality,and personal responsibility. 

Selected Potential Health Care Reform Approaches: 

Reform Approach: Revise the government’s payment systems and leverage 
its purchasing authority to foster value-based purchasing for health 
care products and services; 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [empty]. 

Reform Approach: Consider additional flexibility for states to serve as 
models for possible health care reforms; 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [empty]. 

Reform Approach: Consider limiting direct advertising and allowing 
limited importation of prescription drugs; 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [empty]. 

Reform Approach: Foster more transparency in connection with health 
care costs and outcomes; 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [empty]. 

Reform Approach: Create incentives that encourage physicians to utilize 
prescription drugs and other health care products and services 
economically and efficiently. 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [empty]. 

Reform Approach: Foster the use of information technology to increase 
consistency, transparency, and accountability in health care; 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [empty]. 

Reform Approach: Encourage case management approaches for people with 
chronic and expensive conditions to improve the quality and efficiency 
of care delivered and avoid inappropriate care. 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [empty]. 

Reform Approach: Reexamine the design and operational structure of the 
nation’s health care entitlement programs—Medicare and Medicaid, 
including exploring more income-related approaches; 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [check]. 

Reform Approach: Revise certain federal tax preferences for health care 
to encourage more efficient use of health care products and services; 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [check]. 

Reform Approach: Foster more preventative care and wellness services 
and capabilities, including fighting obesity and encouraging better 
nutrition; 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [check]. 

Reform Approach: Promote more personal responsibility in connection 
with health care; 
Short-term action: [check]; 
Long-term action: [check]. 

Reform Approach: Limit spending growth for government-sponsored health 
care programs (e.g., percentage of the budget and/or economy); 
Short-term action: [empty]; 
Long-term action: [check]. 

Reform Approach: Develop a core set of basic and essential services. 
Create insurance pools for alternative levels of coverage, as 
necessary; 
Short-term action: [empty]; 
Long-term action: [check]. 

Reform Approach: Develop a set of evidence-based national practice 
standards to help avoid unnecessary care, improve outcomes, and reduce 
litigation; 
Short-term action: [empty]; 
Long-term action: [check]. 

Reform Approach: Pursue multinational approaches to investing in health 
care R&D; 
Short-term action: [empty]; 
Long-term action: [check]. 

[End of table] 

The Importance of Seasoned Workers: 

Seasoned workers are our nation’s most underutilized asset. This must 
change for their sake and the sake of our country. 

Four National Deficits: 

* Budget; 
* Balance of Payments; 
* Savings; 
* Leadership. 

Key Leadership Attributes Needed for These Challenging and Changing 
Times: 

* Courage; 
* Integrity; 
* Creativity: 
* Partnership: 
* Stewardship. 

[End of presentation] 

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Contact: 

Paul Anderson, Managing Director, Public Affairs: AndersonP1@gao.gov:
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Copyright:  

This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright 
protection in the United States. The published product may be 
reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission 
from GAO. However, because this work may contain copyrighted images or 
other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary 
if you wish to reproduce this material separately.