Department of Energy Contracting: Additional Actions Could Further Strengthen Competition
Fast Facts
The Department of Energy relies on contractors to operate national laboratories and conduct environmental cleanup. Competition for these contracts saves taxpayer dollars and improves performance.
DOE received multiple offers for most of its large contracts. But some industry representatives questioned the fairness of the award process, such as how officials rate potential contractors' relevant past work. We didn't find evidence to support such concerns, but the perception of unfairness may deter competition.
We recommended that DOE hold periodic meetings with industry to share information on how they conduct competitions and evaluate offers.
Highlights
What GAO Found
The Department of Energy (DOE) received multiple offers for almost all of its competitions for its largest contracts awarded from fiscal years 2015 through 2020 (see figure). However, relatively fewer entities—such as companies, universities, or organizations—submitted offers for management and operating (M&O) contracts than for other types of contracts. When fewer entities submit offers, risks to competition may increase, such as entities engaging in anticompetitive behavior. DOE officials say they help to mitigate these risks through relevant training for staff.
Number of Offers Received for Competitions Resulting in the Department of Energy's (DOE) Largest Contracts, Fiscal Years 2015–2020
Industry representatives GAO interviewed identified wide-ranging factors that may hinder competition for DOE's largest competitions. A majority of the industry representatives expressed concerns about the fairness of aspects of the award process. For example, they questioned whether officials fairly rated offerors' performance on relevant past work. GAO did not find evidence in the contract files that supported these concerns. However, perceptions of unfairness may hinder competition, because entities may choose not to submit an offer if they perceive that they will not be treated fairly in a competition.
Some DOE components have taken actions to address factors that could hinder competition, such as sharing information with industry about the award process—consistent with guidance from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). For example, DOE's Office of Environmental Management has recently begun holding quarterly meetings with industry entities. Agency officials and industry representatives said these meetings have been helpful. DOE's National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and Office of Science, which had M&O contracts in GAO's scope, have not held similar meetings. Improved information sharing could help these components address industry perceptions about fairness, which could in turn remove barriers to a more competitive acquisition environment.
Why GAO Did This Study
DOE is one of the largest federal civilian contracting agencies, awarding contracts for research, weapons production, and environmental cleanup. Competition saves taxpayer dollars, improves contractor performance, and curbs fraud.
The explanatory statement accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, includes a provision for GAO to assess competition and other aspects of DOE's contracting process. This report examines, among other things, for DOE's largest competitions for contracts awarded in fiscal years 2015 through 2020, (1) the number of offers DOE received and the acquisition environment's potential effects on competition; and (2) factors identified by selected industry entities that may hinder competition, and actions DOE has taken to address such factors.
GAO analyzed contract files for the 15 competitions in its scope, interviewed DOE officials and representatives from selected industry entities that expressed interest in the contracts and did—or did not—submit an offer, and compared DOE actions to OMB guidance for enhancing competition.
Recommendations
GAO is making eight recommendations, including that NNSA and the Office of Science hold periodic meetings to share information with industry about how competitions are conducted and how offers are evaluated. DOE concurred and NNSA either concurred or concurred in principle with the recommendations.
Recommendations for Executive Action
| Agency Affected | Recommendation | Status |
|---|---|---|
| National Nuclear Security Administration | The Associate Administrator for NNSA's Office of Partnership and Acquisition Services should hold periodic meetings to share information with industry about how competitions are conducted and how offers are evaluated, including any changes in agency practices. (Recommendation 1) |
As of February 2025, NNSA officials have told us that they communicate with industry in a variety of ways and that they have taken action to change agency practices by simplifying proposal requirements, streamlining evaluation criteria, reducing required key personnel, and staggering competitions so that offerors have time to prepare a proposal and solidifying a team of key personnel. We have requested that NNSA provide documentation on its communications with industry and its changes to agency practices so we can better understand how the agency is implementing this recommendation.
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| Department of Energy | The Director of DOE's Office of Science should hold periodic meetings to share information with industry about how competitions are conducted and how offers are evaluated, including any changes in agency practices. (Recommendation 2) |
As of February 2025, DOE officials told us that they are using feedback from industry on a recently-completed competition to develop lessons learned and consider process changes. We will continue to monitor DOE's efforts to address this recommendation.
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| Department of Energy | The Assistant Secretary for EM should use structured mechanisms for soliciting information on how entities decide whether to submit an offer for a solicitation, such as through periodic reverse industry day events. (Recommendation 3) |
In response to our recommendation, EM holds reverse industry day events in which industry personnel can provide information to EM's acquisition workforce on industry's activities and considerations. EM held two such events in 2024.
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| National Nuclear Security Administration | The Associate Administrator for NNSA's Office of Partnership and Acquisition Services should use structured mechanisms for soliciting information on how entities decide whether to submit an offer for a solicitation, such as through periodic reverse industry day events. (Recommendation 4) |
As of February 2025, NNSA officials have told us that they communicate with industry in a variety of ways and that they have taken action to change agency practices by simplifying proposal requirements, streamlining evaluation criteria, reducing required key personnel, and staggering competitions so that offerors have time to prepare a proposal and solidifying a team of key personnel. We have requested that NNSA provide documentation on its communications with industry and its changes to agency practices so we can better understand how the agency is implementing this recommendation.
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| Department of Energy | The Director of DOE's Office of Science should use structured mechanisms for soliciting information on how entities decide whether to submit an offer for a solicitation, such as through periodic reverse industry day events. (Recommendation 5) |
As of February 2025, DOE officials told us that they are using feedback from industry on a recently-completed competition to develop lessons learned and consider process changes. We will continue to monitor DOE's efforts to address this recommendation.
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| Department of Energy | The Director of DOE's Office of Acquisition Management should determine whether using structured mechanisms for soliciting industry feedback on entities' offer decisions, such as through periodic reverse industry day events, would be appropriate for smaller DOE offices with fewer large competitions. Depending on that determination, DOE's Office of Acquisition Management should share information with those offices as appropriate. (Recommendation 6) |
DOE officials determined in August 2024 that using structured mechanisms for soliciting industry feedback on entities' offer decisions was not appropriate for smaller DOE offices for several reasons, including having smaller operations scales, resource constraints, informal and efficient methods of gathering feedback, and a larger relative administrative burden.
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| National Nuclear Security Administration | The Associate Administrator for NNSA's Office of Partnership and Acquisition Services should document the types of scoping alternatives that contracting officials should consider as part of acquisition planning for M&O contracts and how to take into account a competition's goals when considering alternatives. (Recommendation 7) |
As of February 2025, NNSA officials said that the agency has enhanced its discussion of scoping considerations and goals as part of a recent M&O contracting process. We have requested information on its enhanced discussion of scoping considerations and on changes to agency practices for future competitions. We will update the status of the recommendation based on the information NNSA provides.
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| Department of Energy | The Director of DOE's Office of Science should document the types of scoping alternatives that contracting officials should consider as part of acquisition planning for M&O contracts and how to take into account a competition's goals when considering alternatives. (Recommendation 8) |
As of February 2025, DOE officials said that the agency has enhanced its discussion of scoping considerations as part of a recent contracting process. We have requested information on its enhanced discussion of scoping considerations and on changes to agency practices for future competitions. We will update the status of the recommendation based on the information DOE provides.
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