Federal Research Oversight

Federal investments in research and development (R&D) are necessary to help drive emerging technologies that will power future industries, spur innovation across the economy, and sustain the United States’ global leadership in science and technology. 

Since the 1950s, the federal government has spent an increasing amount of money on R&D, reaching about $179.5 billion in FY 2021. Federal R&D funding has increased since 2012—most recently because of COVID-19 stimulus funding. In FY 2021, over 30 federal agencies supported R&D in the United States. 

Federal research oversight is needed to ensure these funds are being used effectively, and the federal government could improve its oversight of federal research and development in many ways.

For instance:

• Protecting U.S. research from foreign theft. Federal agencies can award funds to foreign organizations or individuals to encourage scientific advancements. But some applicants may try to exploit U.S.-funded research—including in ways that jeopardize U.S. national security. While there are safeguards around these funds, not all agencies use the same tools to vet applicants. Also, agencies use available lists to determine which universities, companies, and other organizations are excluded from U.S. funding—and they could use more guidance on determining whether an organization is foreign-owned. 
• Biomedical research. Federal agencies’ contributions to drug development are not well documented, making it hard to evaluate the impact of federal funding on innovation. Recipients of agency funds do not always disclose agency support fully or correctly when applying for patents. Some agencies have not developed proper guidance or training that would improve how researchers disclose federal support. 
• Assistance for small businesses. Since 1982, federal agencies have given over $46 billion to small businesses to help them develop and market new technologies (such as robotic vacuum cleaners and personal genetic testing kits). Several federal agencies work with small businesses on research and development. However, most of these agencies have not implemented a required pilot program that could help small businesses bring their technologies to the market.
• NSF project management. The National Science Foundation (NSF) funds construction of large science and engineering infrastructure projects, like telescopes and observatories, which can take years to build and cost hundreds of millions of dollars. NSF continues to strengthen project management capabilities for its large facilities projects. However, the agency could improve its cost estimate for the Antarctic Infrastructure Modernization for Science project.
• Title IX. Federal agencies must enforce Title IX—which prohibits sex discrimination—at universities receiving federal financial assistance. However, some federal agencies that provide science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) research grants to universities have not yet developed an overall plan to evaluate efforts to prevent sex discrimination.
• Scientific integrity. Federal guidance on scientific integrity includes principles that ensure the open exchange of information and prevent the distortion of research findings for political or other reasons. However, some federal agencies have not incorporated these principles into their policies.

Image